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The two-hundred-year-long relationship between the Arab world and United States has been fraught with tension and resentment. What began in the nineteenth century as a favorable exchange of cultural understanding and economic opportunity deteriorated with America's increasing interest in oil, and finally collapsed when America's pushed for the legitimization of the State of Israel. In this provocative new book, Lebanese-American historian Ussama Makdisi explores America's fractured relationship with the Arab world, and offers policy recommendations that can lead to its repair.
- Sales Rank: #889630 in Books
- Published on: 2011-06-28
- Released on: 2011-06-28
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.90" h x .98" w x 5.80" l, 1.10 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 432 pages
From Publishers Weekly
A history of foreign policy gone wrong, Makdisi™s study argues convincingly that Americans have rarely engaged with the Arab nations as autonomous peoples with cultures and histories of their own--they™ve preferred "glib generalizations"--and that such myopia is at the core of much of the Middle East™s animosity toward the U.S. In his history of the Middle East, Makdisi (Artillery of Heaven) privileges Arab voices and, for the most part demonstrates an impressive ability to render societies and individuals as multifaceted. He efficiently debunks the Huntingtonian belief in an inevitable clash of civilizations and resurrects a forgotten history of mutual curiosity and cultural cross-pollination between the East and West. It™s unfortunate, then, that he reduces Zionism and Zionists to a cog in the machinations of Western power politics, rather than presenting a more complex, messy, and accurate picture of competing narratives and their impact on American policy making. His pat simplification undermines his otherwise commendable effort to defuse the "mutual incomprehension" and "mutual demonization" between the U.S. and the Arab world.
Copyright � Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From Booklist
In Artillery of Heaven (2009), Makdisi challenged simplistic theories of a “clash of civilizations” by examining the largely unsuccessful efforts of American missionaries in the Middle East in the early nineteenth century, paying particular attention to the conversion, suffering, and death of As'ad Shidyaq, the first known Arab to be converted to Protestantism. His latest selection, carefully researched and strongly voiced, opens by revisiting Shidyaq and the missionaries of the 1820s, casting their experience as the first in a long series of increasingly sour U.S.-Arab cultural interactions. It did not have to be this way, Makdisi suggests; goodwill toward Americans, especially in Lebanon and Egypt, was initially substantial enough to overcome even the most dramatic misconceptions and unrealistic expectations. Western-oriented institutions like the American University of Beirut—alma mater of several of Makdisi's ancestors and one of this selection's informal focal points—thrived. And yet certain political acts and omissions, particularly the U.S. decision to align itself closely with Israel (a “betrayal,” in Makdisi's words), have led relations to their current nadir. Yet such animosity is rooted in policy, not cultural clash, and in this there may be cause for guarded optimism. --Brendan Driscoll
Review
Kirkus, a STARRED review
”A sage, evenhanded look at the souring of a once-promising relationship… While numerous recent books delve more deeply into the Arab-Israel crisis of the modern era, Makdisi maneuvers through this minefield with a steady hand… A work of impressive clarity and scholarship.”�Stephen Walt, Foreign Policy, July 29, 2010“Makdisi is a distinguished historian at Rice University, who's written a fascinating and spirited account of the tragic deterioration in U.S. relations with most of the Arab and Islamic world…If you're still curious about "why they hate us?" this book is a good place to start.”�Christian Science Monitor, July 19, 2010“While Makdisi’s narrative is lopsided – focusing on how ties to Israel undermined US-Arab relations without mentioning how Arab nations themselves have undermined relations – his well-written book offers fresh insight into the American evangelical presence in the Middle East.”�The Palestine Note, June 30, 2010“[Makdisi] succeeds in constructing a history that is pointed and deliberate but still represents the larger realities of Arab-American relations over the past two centuries. The book is a welcome and helpful resource for any reader wishing to understand how Arab-American relations have fallen to the nadir they are at now.”�Jerusalem Fund, August 31, 2010“Ussama Makdisi's book tells an important story about a relationship which, in its early years, had tremendous potential based on commonalities and tolerance, but it ultimately soured over time as the spirit of cooperation embodied in the academic institutions established by missions in the Arab world, was replaced with a spirit of domination and dictation from an aspiring superpower to a peoples in the midst of anti-colonialist resistance.”�Salon, December 8, 2010
“It is a sad tale, and Makdisi writes it with verve and elegance.”
CHOICE, April 2011“This comprehensive, informative, well-researched, and well-written book has an excellent bibliographical essay.”
Most helpful customer reviews
35 of 40 people found the following review helpful.
Why do they hate us?
By Michael Santomauro
"Why do they hate us?" It is probably the most asked question regarding the Arab world since 9/11. Many have ventured to ask and answer this question in the years before and after 9/11, and such works became popular with a broad American readership. Sam Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations," which was largely dismissed by the academy when it was first published, became very popular after the terror attacks on the United States in 2001.
But "Why do they hate us?" is also one of the most loaded five-word questions imaginable. Who exactly are they? Who exactly is us? (Or is it U.S.?) Are both of these groups monolithic? Is this so-called hate personal; or rather is hate a misleading term all together?
All of these questions, essentially the unpacking of this loaded and overused question, are explored in Ussama Makdisi's Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of U.S. Arab Relations 1820-2001.
While many who tell the story of this relationship begin with the American encounter with Barbary pirates off the coast of North Africa, the starting point for Makdisi is representative of his general understanding of the relationship which he tries to convey to his readers. When it comes to the Arab world, and particularly the Levant with which the United States has been so enamored, the origins of this relationship are not in violent clashes at sea but rather through initially unremarkable proselytizing missions.
His description of the early period of American proselytization attempts is valuable and particularly telling. The fiercest opponents of these missions at the time were not the majority Muslim population, as the "Clash of Civilizations" doctrine would have us expect, but rather the leadership of the eastern Christian churches whose flocks were targeted by the missionaries. Makdisi explains that the eastern churches had struck a balance of comfort in a multi-religious society, and perceived the missionaries as threats to that delicate harmony.
Makdisi explains that over time the religious missions, taking into account the resistance they faced from the eastern churches, had morphed into a more secular endeavor. Abandoning preaching and adopting education, American expeditions in the Arab world created institutions like the Syrian Protestant College, which later became the esteemed American University of Beirut.
It would be these institutions that helped create an opening to understanding the West, and the United States in particular, at a time when the Ottoman Empire still ruled the land, and French, British and Israeli occupations where not in the Arab imagination. Likewise, these institutions, Makdisi writes, helped the Arabs form new communal identities:
The emergence of Arabic literary and scientific societies, newspapers and journals in Beirut and Cairo, many of which were founded by men who had worked with or taught alongside missionaries, helped create a feeling of being Syrian, Arab or Egyptian in a national sense that could unite Muslim and Christian Arabic speakers.
While some of the roots of secular Arab nationalism can be traced back to institutions connected with American missionaries, the American failure to account for the general will of the very civil society it helped spark played a significant role in the souring of the relationship. Long before the regular public-opinion polling of Arab populations we have become accustomed to today, the King-Crane Commission of 1919 set out to understand the native feeling about self-determination, mandatory governments, independence and colonialism. This process, which Makdisi devotes a significant part of the book to, was the beginning of a turning point in the relationship. The Commission's report documented a strong sense of self-determination among the Arabs (who distrusted European colonialism but would be more open to the idea of an American mandate) and, importantly, it noted a strong anti-Zionist sentiment.
When Woodrow Wilson's White House failed to respond to the report and the Levant became a drawing board for French and British kingmakers with Zionist aspirations in mind, the new world order established by post-WWI idealists began to crumble, and the stage was set for the United States' fall from grace in the Arab world. On the creation of Israel, Makdisi writes:
The question of Palestine would remain at the center of Arab concern, both as an embodiment of collective Arab failure and as a spur to Arab unification. Resisting, indeed reversing, Zionism became the mantra of modern anti-imperialist Arab politics- one passionately believed in by millions of Arabs and one also relentlessly exploited by a bevy of competing leaders who sought to seize the mantel of pan-Arab leadership while struggling to consolidate their grip on power at home. Through its championing of partition and its immediate recognition of a Jewish state, America had drawn first blood. The Arab reaction was not long in coming.
Ussama Makdisi's book tells an important story about a relationship which, in its early years, had tremendous potential based on commonalities and tolerance, but it ultimately soured over time as the spirit of cooperation embodied in the academic institutions established by missions in the Arab world, was replaced with a spirit of domination and dictation from an aspiring superpower to a peoples in the midst of anti-colonialist resistance.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent
By Sam Wright
A must-read for anyone interested in understanding the history of US-Arab relations. Makdisi eloquently takes us through the twists and turns of this journey, highlighting its ups and downs within a clear global and regional historical context, explaining the various missed opportunities, and discussing what is needed to lay the foundations for a new beginning. This is a brilliant well-researched book that is likely to be an eye-opener for many readers.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Brilliant
By Lizot
This is a sincere, bright and balanced book on the crucial subject of the relationship between Americans and the Arabs. The political, economical and cultural aspects are well explained and their interactions are highlighted in a very intelligent manner.
Very good read indeed
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